Harlech Castle was, for a time, the family home of Owain Glyndŵr during the Uprising (1400-1415).
What is Harlech Castle?
Harlech Castle is a medieval fortress located in Harlech, Gwynedd, Cymru. It was built by Edward I of England during his conquest of Cymru in the late 13th century. The construction of Harlech Castle was part of Edward’s larger strategy to establish English dominance and control over Cymru, which was a series of military campaigns known as the Edwardian Conquest.
The castle’s construction began in 1283 under the supervision of the master mason James of St. George, who was appointed by Edward I. The location of Harlech was strategically chosen for its defensive advantages, situated on high ground overlooking the Irish Sea and the surrounding landscape. Furthermore, in local mythology stemming from the Mabinogi, the site of Harlech Castle has strong connotations with the legend of Branwen – a Welsh Princess from whom many Branwens across Cymru will have been named after. The castle was designed as one of the “iron ring” of fortresses built by Edward I to consolidate English/Norman rule and suppress Welsh resistance.
The imposing structure of Harlech Castle was built using local stone and featured a concentric design, with an inner and outer wall, multiple towers, and a massive gatehouse. The castle was surrounded by a water-filled moat, enhancing its defensive capabilities. The construction was an impressive feat, showcasing the military engineering skills of the time.
While Harlech Castle was undoubtedly a formidable military stronghold, it is important to note that its primary purpose was strategic control rather than mere oppression. Edward I aimed to establish English authority and prevent further Welsh uprisings. The castle played a crucial role in maintaining order and securing the region for the English crown.
The completion of Harlech Castle in 1290 marked a significant milestone in Edward I’s conquest of Cymru. The imposing structure served as both a military fortress and a symbol of English authority in the region. That authority would be put to the sword in the year of 1404, when Harlech Castle was captured by Owain Glyndŵr during the revolt to end English rule in Cymru.
Harlech would become Glyndŵr’s residency until 1409, when it eventually fell back into English hands. However, for a period of five years, Harlech had become a symbol of a free and independent Cymru – no doubt leaving Edward rolling in his grave.
Despite its military significance, Harlech Castle has also been recognised for its architectural and engineering prowess. Over the centuries, the castle witnessed various historical events, including the Glyndŵr rebellion and the English Civil War. It has also earned recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered one of the best-preserved examples of medieval military architecture in Europe.
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